Letter of Offer Block Style

                              CV.  PANTANG MUNDUR

                                        GENERAL TRADE & SUPPLIER
                                         Road Cendana Barat Raya No. 222
                                  Telp. (021) 22211222, Fax. (021) 22211299

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Jakarta, 18 February 2011

To,

Promotion Manager  PT. DWI KARYA INDONESIA

Road Hijau Daun Raya No. 123

Concerning : promotional product offerings

With  Respect,

Along with this letter we provide a quote for the manufacture of Promotional Products Gimiks HD in yellow and blue stuffed bunny shape and the back of the doll printed name of the product at a price of Rp. 5000, - which was promoted and in the pack in small plastic boxes, the price above does not include VAT 10% and the minimum order is 100,000 pcs.

Presumably this offer can be considered as well as cooperation and sorry if there are errors in the words of the letter, before we say thank you.

Sincerely,

     Margaretha Iput

          Marketing

Importance of Banking Regulations and Risks Associated with Capital

Bank is a collector agency fund, which has the authority to accept deposits, credit memberikanmenyalurkan, and accept and issue checks. bank as an institution would have a risk attached to it (inherent risk), which will affect banking activity in particular, and the national economy u mumnya. according to the dictionary, the definition of risk is the possibility of bencanakerugian, can also be interpreted as the possibility of poor results. therefore, regulation is necessary of course, regulation is a regulation that bank failures bank activity can be minimized, regulations are also intended to protect customers and increase public confidence in the banking-related products (the agent of trust) with the risks that may arise. one noteworthy is the regulatory capital structure, capital structure is pursued kemampuancara banks to obtain funding, for example bonds, and investments, of course banks are not free to choose their capital structure, but is determined by the banking supervisory authority that sets minimum capital requirement of mini-banks ( define liquidity as banks and credit limit). said the bank has sufficient capital.

Modal Auxiliaries

Kinds of Modal Auxiliary : 

- Can

- Could 

– May 

– Might 

– Should 

– Would 

– Had better
- Will 

– Must

- Have to 

– ought to 

– have got to

Sentences from the Words Above Auxiliary : 

- I can do my english assignment.

- Today i could do with a good english exam and correctly.

- He may be here, i don't know.
- She might come after her test.

- They should get my e-mail tomorrow.

- She would rather not see him.
- She had better be reached at this one.

- Letter i will go to her house.

- He must be reached at the last one. He has no choice.

- We don’t have to believe him.

- She ought to have been visited last night.

- They have got to go Bali island now. 

accounting in financial economics

Introduction
The purpose of accounting is to provide the information that is needed for sound economic decision making. The main purpose of financial accounting is to prepare financial reports that provide information about a firm's performance to external parties such as investors, creditors, and tax authorities. Managerial accounting contrasts with financial accounting in that managerial accounting is for internal decision making and does not have to follow any rules issued by standard-setting bodies. Financial accounting, on the other hand, is performed according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) guidelines.


CPA's
The primary accounting professional association in the U.S. is the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). The AICPA prepares the Uniform CPA Examination, which must be completed in order to become a certified public accountant. To be eligible to become a CPA, one needs an undergraduate degree in any major with 150 credit hours of course work. Of these 150 credit hours, a minimum of 36 credit hours must be in accounting. Only about 10% of those taking the CPA exam pass it the first time.


Accounting Standards
In order that financial statements report financial performance fairly and consistently, they are prepared according to widely accepted accounting standards. These standards are referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or simply GAAP. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles are those that have "substantial authoritative support".


Accrual vs. Cash Method
Many small businesses utilize an accounting system that recognizes revenue and expenses on a cash basis, meaning that neither revenue nor expenses are recognized until the cash associated with them actually is received. Most larger businesses, however, use the accrual method.
Under the accrual method, revenues and expenses are recorded according to when they are earned and incurred, not necessarily when the cash is received or paid. For example, under the accrual method revenue is recognized when customers are invoiced, regardless of when payment is received. Similarly, an expense is recognized when the bill is received, not when payment is made.
Under accrual accounting, even though employees may be paid in the next accounting period for work performed near the end of the present accounting period, the expense still is recorded in the current period since the current period is when the expense was incurred.

Underlying Assumptions, Principles, and Conventions
Financial accounting relies on the following underlying concepts :

• Assumptions: Separate entity assumption, going-concern assumption, stable monetary unit assumption, fixed time period assumption.
• Principles: Historical cost principle, matching principle, revenue recognition principle, full disclosure principle.
• Modifying conventions: Materiality, cost-benefit, conservatism convention, industry practices convention.

Financial Statements Businesses have two primary objectives:

• Earn a profit
• Remain solvent

Solvency represents the ability of the business to pay its bills and service its debt. The four financial statements are reports that allow interested parties to evaluate the profitability and solvency of a business. These reports include the following financial statements:

• Balance Sheet
• Income Statement
• Statement of Owner's Equity
• Statement of Cash Flows

These four financial statements are the final product of the accountant's analysis of the transactions of a business. A large amount of effort goes into the preparation of the financial statements. The process begins with bookkeeping, which is just one step in the accounting process. Bookkeeping is the actual recording of the company's transactions, without any analysis of the information. Accountants evaluate and analyze the information, making sense out of the numbers.
For the reports to be useful, they must be:

• Understandable
• Timely
• Relevant
• Fair and Objective (free from bias)

Double Entry Accounting Financial accounting is based on double-entry bookkeeping procedures in which each transaction is recorded in opposite columns of the accounts affected by the exchange. Double entry accounting is a significant improvement over simple and more error-prone single-entry bookkeeping systems.

Fundamental Accounting Model The balance sheet is based on the following fundamental accounting equation :

Assets  =  Liabilities  +  Equity This model has been used since the 18th century. It essentially states that a business owes all of its assets to either creditors or owners, where the assets of a business are its resources, and the creditors and owners are the sources of those resources.


Transactions
To record transactions, one must:

1. Identify an event that affects the entity financially.
2. Measure the event in monetary terms.
3. Determine which accounts the transaction affects.
4. Determine whether the transaction increases or decreases the balances in those accounts.
5. Record the transaction in the ledgers.

Most larger business accounting systems utilize the double entry method. Under double entry, instead of recording a transaction in only a single account, the transaction is recorded in two accounts.

The Accounting Process
Once a business transaction occurs, a sequence of activities begins to identify and analyze the transaction, make the journal entries, etc. Because this process repeats over transactions and accounting periods, it is referred to as the accounting cycle.

The Mouse, the Frog, and the Hawk

A Mouse who always lived on the land, by an unlucky chance formed an intimate acquaintance with a Frog, who lived for the most part in the water. The Frog, one day intent on mischief, bound the foot of the Mouse tightly to his own. Thus joined together, the Frog first of all led his friend the Mouse to the meadow where they were accustomed to find their food. After this, he gradually led him towards the pool in which he lived, until reaching the very brink, he suddenly jumped in, dragging the Mouse with him. The Frog enjoyed the water amazingly, and swam croaking about, as if he had done a good deed. The unhappy Mouse was soon suffocated by the water, and his dead body floated about on the surface, tied to the foot of the Frog. A Hawk observed it, and, pouncing upon it with his talons, carried it aloft. The Frog, being still fastened to the leg of the Mouse, was also carried off a prisoner, and was eaten by the Hawk.

 

Harm hatch, harm catch.

The Princess and the Pea

Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.

One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.

It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.

Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.

On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.

"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"

Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.

Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.

So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.

A SECRET OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

A SECRET OF
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

A huge earning is usually considered for measuring the wealth of someone. However, why do so many people with huge income frequently end up running out of money in the middle or at the end of the month? What is the problem?
If you have a job now, do you remember the first one you ever had? Usually, the first experience on work is the most unforgettable experience.
Let's take an example. Anto was still living with his family until he got a job at the age of 23, as a clerk in a trading company. At that time, he had just graduated. Although he had to go through a probationary period, Anto was so excited when he knew that he would get his first salary. His salary was Rp 600,000, which he would receive on the 27th.
We can guess what he would want to do: he wanted to treat his family. He wanted to express his gratitude for getting a salary for the first time in his life, and he also wanted to show them that he was independent now.
Let's see: he received the salary on the 27th. On the 29th he took his family out for a meal in an all-you-can-eat restaurant, so each of them could satisfy their appetite. The pre-tax cost for one person was Rp 22,000, and after tax was Rp 24,200 per person. All of his family members were 7, consisting of his father, mother, one big brother and 3 annoying younger brothers. All was 6, plus Anto made it 7. It means that he had to pay the dinner bill of Rp 169,400. Which means, only 2 days after he received his salary, he had already spent 28% out of his salary for that month. So, he had only Rp 430,600 left for the rest of the month.
"No problem", thought Anto. "It's my own family that I treated, not other people. Besides, it's not every day I do that. Once a month is enough." Days went by. One week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks. "HmM, that stuff in the mall looks pretty good. There is a very interesting looking shirt. Okay, it costs Rp 28,000. There's also this nice pair of trousers to wear for work. Very cheap, costs only Rp 65,000. It won't hurt to look stylish at the office". He then started buying things. "Okay", Anto thought, "one shirt and a pair of pants for this month. The rest of my salary would be used for transportation and food until the end of the month" .
What happened? On the 24th of the next month, just three days before his second-month payday, he had only Rp 50,000 left.
Anto started thinking. Okay...., such was because he spent most of his money to treat his family. Also this was his first time working. Within the coming months, his finance would be better.
The second month, he got his salary again. Still in the same amount. No raise yet. The difference was no more treating the family. Days and weeks went by. A few days before his third salary, he only had Rp 75,000 left.
Three months passed by, he was finally accepted as permanent employee. He got a Rp 150,000 raise to Rp 750,000. "Not bad", Anto thought. This meant that I would be able to "breath" and save a little. But strangely, a few days before even one month period ended, his still had only little money left. The sixth month, the seventh month, the eight month, although he got a raise, but he still ran out of money and could not put any into savings.
As a matter of fact, Anto is not the only one, whose income is under Rp 1m, with this problem. Even people with millions per month income still have trouble saving money.
What is really happening? Many people think that by getting a raise, they will not run out of money in the middle of the month and they can save for sure. Every month they hope that they will get a raise the next months. But after they really get a raise, they still run out of money.
It is clear that the solution here lies not on how big your income is. The amount of your income does not guarantee that you will not run out of money in the middle of the month. The size of your income does not guarantee that you will be able to save. The key here is not how much money you make, but how you manage your income so that it can be stretched in a one-month period.
There is no fixed way on the right method to manage your finance. However, based from experiences, there are several things that can help you manage your finance well each month:

Plan your income and outcome every month.

Carry out the plan strictly.

Have reserved fund.

Join insurance plan.